DrawdownExplorer

Your ultimate guide to stopping climate change

We know what we need to do: stop climate change as quickly as possible. Now, with the Drawdown Explorer, we know how to do it.

Building upon thousands of hours of analysis by scientific experts from around the world, the Drawdown Explorer provides detailed information on 100-plus technologies and practices proven or proposed to effectively reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

The Drawdown Explorer analyzes solutions in four categories:

Highly Recommended: solutions that meet Project Drawdown’s criteria for global climate solutions
Worthwhile: solutions that may help mitigate climate change or have additional benefits but do not meet the scale to be considered a global climate solution
Keep Watching: solutions that have potential but given current technology, cost, or adoption, are not yet ready to be deployed
Not Recommended: solutions we do not expect to be global climate solutions either due to lack of evidence for their effectiveness, high costs, or high risk.

Browse the full complement of Drawdown Explorer solutions below, or filter by criteria of your choice using dropdowns or the table format. Then click through to individual solutions to get a close-up view of current and potential impact – including, for recommended solutions, the optimal timing, cost, additional benefits, interactive maps showing where action can have the greatest impact, and specific advice for how you, whatever your role, can best put the solution to work.

Primer FAQs Methodology Acknowledgments

From Science to Solutions

The climate crisis is urgent, so it’s critical that the solutions are fast-acting and effective.

Drawdown Explorer identifies and characterizes the most effective climate solutions that can address climate change on a meaningful scale today. It also provides valuable insights into proposed solutions that are not viable, not impactful enough, or not yet ready for prime time.

See A Primer on Science-Based Climate Solutions to learn more about the science behind our next-generation guide to meaningful climate action.

Last updated June 30, 2025

Browse Solutions

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Deploy Clean Cooking

Highly Recommended

Deploy LED Lighting

Office building exterior showing many floors of indoor lit offices

Highly Recommended

Deploy Alternative Insulation Materials

Worker sprays insulation in building frame.

Highly Recommended

Improve Cement Production: Alternative fuels

Highly Recommended

Improve Cement Production: Clinker substitution

Highly Recommended

Improve Cement Production: Process efficiency upgrades

Highly Recommended

Improve Landfill Management: Biocovers

Highly Recommended

Improve Landfill Management: Methane capture/use/destruction

Highly Recommended

Classification

Highly Recommended

Sector

Industry, Materials & Waste

Emissions Avoided Gt CO₂-eq/yr

0.13 to 0.97

Speed of Action

Emergency Brake

View Solution

Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Private electric bicycles

Parent riding electric bicycle with children seated in back carrier

Highly Recommended

Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Shared electric bicycles

Rack of electric bicycles as part of a bike sharing service

Worthwhile

Mobilize Electric Cars

Electric car plugged into charging station

Highly Recommended

Manage Coal Mine Methane

Highly Recommended

Manage Oil & Gas Methane

Oil wells and flame coming from flare stack

Highly Recommended

Protect Forests: Boreal

Highly Recommended

Protect Forests: Subtropical

Highly Recommended

Protect Forests: Temperate

Highly Recommended

Protect Forests: Tropical

Fog sitting among trees of a dense forest canopy

Highly Recommended

Improve Nutrient Management

Farm equipment applying fertilizer selectively

Highly Recommended

Improve Annual Cropping

Highly Recommended

Deploy Silvopasture

Highly Recommended

Boost Appliance and Equipment Efficiency

Washing machines on conveyer belts in a factory

Worthwhile

Use Low-Flow Fixtures

Worthwhile

Deploy Micro Wind Turbines

Keep Watching

Deploy Nuclear Fusion

A graphic showing the inside of a nuclear fusion reactor

Keep Watching

Deploy Small Modular Nuclear Reactors

Exterior of a small modular nuclear facility

Keep Watching

Deploy Blue Hydrogen

An image of a large, metal hydrogen storage tank that says 'H2 Hydrogen' on the side

Keep Watching

Deploy Plastic Alternatives / Bioplastics

Colorful smoothies in plastic cups with label 100% biodegradable

Keep Watching

Mobilize Green Hydrogen for Aviation and Trucking

A graphic of a clear bubble in the form of a molecule with a green background

Keep Watching

Deploy Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Keep Watching

Advance Cultivated Meat

Keep Watching

Use Feed Additives

Keep Watching

Protect Seafloors

An image of a seafloor featuring two pinkish-orange anemones

Keep Watching

Deploy Enhanced Rock Weathering

Keep Watching

Deploy Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement

Keep Watching

Deploy Vertical Farms

An image of a vertical farm featuring rows of vegetables

Not Recommended

Deploy Ocean Fertilization

An aerial view of the Earth with colorful plankton blooms in the ocean off the coast of a landmass

Not Recommended

Deploy District Heating

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Solar Hot Water

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Building Envelopes

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Automate Building Systems

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Use Heat Pumps

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Windows & Glass

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Concentrated Solar

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Distributed Solar PV

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy District Cooling

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Geothermal Power

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Grid Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Nuclear Power

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Offshore Wind Turbines

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Onshore Wind Turbines

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Small Hydropower

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Utility-Scale Solar PV

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Bioelectricity with Carbon Capture & Storage

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Boost Industrial Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Methane Digesters

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Alternative Refrigerants

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Increase Composting

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Increase Industrial Electrification

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Low-Emission Industrial Feedstocks

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Other Building Materials

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Increase Recycling

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Refrigerant Management

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Aviation Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Increase Carpooling

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Mobilize Electric Scooters & Motorcycles

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Mobilize Electric Trains

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Mobilize Electric Trucks & Buses

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Enhance High-Speed Rail

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Mobilize Hybrid Cars

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Nonmotorized Transportation

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Ocean Shipping Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Enhance Public Transit

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Supply Chain Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Truck Efficiency

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Hold Virtual Meetings

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Protect Coastal Wetlands

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Reduce Crop Residue Burning

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Diets

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Reduce Food Loss & Waste

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Forest Management

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Protect Grasslands & Savannas

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Manure Management

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Protect Peatlands: Boreal

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Classification

Highly Recommended

Sector

Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean

Both Emissions Avoided & Carbon Removed Gt CO₂-eq/yr

0.18 to 0.24

Speed of Action

Emergency Brake

View Solution

Protect Peatlands: Subtropical

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Classification

Highly Recommended

Sector

Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean

Both Emissions Avoided & Carbon Removed Gt CO₂-eq/yr

0.12 to 0.15

Speed of Action

Emergency Brake

View Solution

Protect Peatlands: Temperate

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Classification

Highly Recommended

Sector

Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean

Both Emissions Avoided & Carbon Removed Gt CO₂-eq/yr

0.08 to 0.11

Speed of Action

Emergency Brake

View Solution

Protect Peatlands: Tropical

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Classification

Highly Recommended

Sector

Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean

Both Emissions Avoided & Carbon Removed Gt CO₂-eq/yr

0.95 to 1.22

Speed of Action

Emergency Brake

View Solution

Improve Rice Production

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Restore Abandoned Farmland

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Agroforestry

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Biomass Crops on Degraded Land

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Restore Forests

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Restore Grasslands & Savannas

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Improve Livestock Grazing

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Restore Peatlands

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Deploy Perennial Crops

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Protect & Restore Seaweed

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Produce Biochar

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Support Family Planning & Education

Coming Soon

Highly Recommended

Use Cool Roofs

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Deploy Ocean Power

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Improve Fisheries & Aquaculture

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Improve Irrigation Efficiency

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Improve Ruminant Management

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Restore Coastal Wetlands

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Boost Large Herbivore Restoration

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Boost Whale Restoration

Coming Soon

Worthwhile

Deploy Agrivoltaics

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Deploy Industrial Green Hydrogen

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Deploy Low-Carbon Biofuels

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Explore Ocean Electrochemistry

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Deploy Seaweed Farming

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Produce Bio-bricks / Bio‑oils

Coming Soon

Keep Watching

Use Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture & Storage

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Use Waste to Energy

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Use Corn-Based Ethanol

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Advance Artificial Upwelling

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Deploy Ocean Biomass Sinking

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Use Direct Air Capture

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Deploy Stratospheric Sulfate Injection

Coming Soon

Not Recommended

Action	Solution	Solution Classification	Mode	Sector	Cluster	Adoption Unit	Effectiveness t CO₂‑eq (100-yr)/unit	Adoption Current	Adoption Achievable Range	GHG Impact Gt CO₂-eq (100‑yr)/yr	Cost US$ per t CO₂‑eq	Climate Pollutants Mitigated	Speed of Action
Deploy	Alternative Insulation Materials	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	insulation units of 100 m² and 1 m²·K/W	1.59	1.4×10⁷/yr	2.9×10⁷ to 7.3×10⁷/yr	0.05 to 0.12	-121.00	CO₂, F-gas	Emergency Brake
Improve	Annual Cropping	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	FALO & Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	ha cropland	1.8/yr	0	6.42×10⁷ to 4.326×10⁸	0.12 to 0.78	47.80	CO₂, N₂O	Delayed
Improve	Cement Production: Clinker substitution	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	Mt clinker avoided	690,000	980/yr	1,000 to 2,000/yr	0.70 to 1.00	-30.00	CO₂	Gradual
Improve	Cement Production: Alternative fuels	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	Mt cement produced using alternative fuels	96,000	300/yr	610 to 2,000/yr	0.06 to 0.20	-50.00	CO₂	Gradual
Improve	Cement Production: Process efficiency upgrades	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	GJ thermal energy input reduced	0.085	0/yr	8.86×10⁸ to 1.18×10⁹/yr	0.08 to 0.10	-60.00	CO₂	Gradual
Deploy	Clean Cooking	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings	Shift Energy Sources	household switching to cleaner cooking	2.3/yr	0	4.2×10⁸ to 4.2×10⁸	0.98 to 0.98	27.00	CO₂, CH₄, BC	Emergency Brake
Manage	Coal Mine Methane	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Other Energy	Cut Fugitive Emissions	Mt methane abated	2.79×10⁷	0.59/yr	2.83 to 4.4/yr	0.08 to 0.12	-3.17	CH₄ , N₂O, BC	Emergency Brake
Mobilize	Electric Bicycles: Private electric bicycles	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles	1,000 electric bicycles	110.5/yr	277,600	421,300 to 1.01×10⁶	0.05 to 0.11	-1748.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Mobilize	Electric Bicycles: Shared electric bicycles	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles	1,000 electric bicycles	14.44/yr	2,000	22,010 to 69,260	0.00 to 0.00	22860.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Mobilize	Electric Cars	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching	million passenger-kilometers (million pkm)	48.52	818,900/yr	2.602×10⁷ to 4.731×10⁷/yr	1.26 to 2.30	-1019.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Protect	Forests: Boreal	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	ha protected	0.299/yr	4.67×10⁸	8.47×10⁸ to 8.61×10⁸	0.25 to 0.26	2.00	CO₂	Emergency Brake
Protect	Forests: Temperate	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	ha protected	1.403/yr	1.59×10⁸	2.04×10⁸ to 3.78×10⁸	0.29 to 0.53	2.00	CO₂	Emergency Brake
Protect	Forests: Subtropical	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	ha protected	2.204/yr	1.12×10⁸	1.26×10⁸ to 2.19×10⁸	0.28 to 0.48	2.00	CO₂	Emergency Brake
Protect	Forests: Tropical	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	ha protected	1.489/yr	9.36×10⁸	1.12×10⁹ to 1.577×10⁹	1.67 to 2.35	2.00	CO₂	Emergency Brake
Improve	Landfill Management: Methane capture/use/destruction	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Cut Fugitive Emissions	Mt methane abated	2.79×10⁷	1.59/yr	4.5 to 34.78/yr	0.13 to 0.97	-6.42	CH₄, N₂O, BC	Emergency Brake
Improve	Landfill Management: Biocovers	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Cut Fugitive Emissions	Mt methane abated	2.79×10⁷	0/yr	35.13 to 57.04/yr	0.98 to 1.59	0.47	CH₄, N₂O, BC	Emergency Brake
Deploy	LED Lighting	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	% lamps LED	7.09×10⁶/yr	50.5	87 to 92	0.62 to 0.65	-175.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Improve	Nutrient Management	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	t avoided excess nitrogen application	6	1.045×10⁷/yr	6.985×10⁷ to 9.106×10⁷/yr	0.42 to 0.54	-85.21	N₂O	Gradual
Manage	Oil & Gas Methane	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Other Energy	Cut Fugitive Emissions	Mt methane abated	2.79×10⁷	0/yr	3.26 to 8.84/yr	0.09 to 0.25	-6.20	CH₄, N₂O, BC	Emergency Brake
Deploy	Silvopasture	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	ha converted from grazing land to silvopasture	9.81/yr	0	5.6×10⁶ to 6.49×10⁷	0.05 to 0.64	43.25	CO₂	Delayed
Boost	Appliance and Equipment Efficiency	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	—
Use	Low-Flow Fixtures	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	—
Deploy	Blue Hydrogen	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Processes	—
Advance	Cultivated Meat	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Curb Growing Demands	—
Deploy	Enhanced Rock Weathering	Keep Watching	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	—
Use	Feed Additives	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	—
Mobilize	Green Hydrogen for Aviation and Trucking	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Fuel Switching	—
Deploy	Micro Wind Turbines	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	—
Deploy	Nuclear Fusion	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	—
Deploy	Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement	Keep Watching	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	—
Deploy	Plastic Alternatives / Bioplastics	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	—
Protect	Seafloors	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	—
Deploy	Small Modular Nuclear Reactors	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	—
Deploy	Sustainable Aviation Fuel	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Fuel Switching	—
Deploy	Ocean Fertilization	Not Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	—
Deploy	Vertical Farms	Not Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	—
Restore	Abandoned Farmland	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Use Degraded Land	Coming Soon
Deploy	Agroforestry	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Deploy	Alternative Refrigerants	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	Coming Soon
Improve	Aviation Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Produce	Biochar	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Industrial Carbon Removal	Biomass Carbon Removal & Storage	Coming Soon
Deploy	Bioelectricity with Carbon Capture & Storage	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity & Industry	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Deploy	Biomass Crops on Degraded Land	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Use Degraded Land	Coming Soon
Improve	Building Envelopes	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Automate	Building Systems	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Increase	Carpooling	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Shift to Alternatives	Coming Soon
Protect	Coastal Wetlands	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Increase	Composting	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Use Waste as a Resource	Coming Soon
Deploy	Concentrated Solar	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Reduce	Crop Residue Burning	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Improve	Diets	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Curb Growing Demands	Coming Soon
Deploy	Distributed Solar PV	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Deploy	District Cooling	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Deploy	District Heating	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings	Shift Energy Sources	Coming Soon
Mobilize	Electric Scooters & Motorcycles	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching	Coming Soon
Mobilize	Electric Trains	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching	Coming Soon
Mobilize	Electric Trucks & Buses	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching	Coming Soon
Support	Family Planning & Education	Highly Recommended	Society	Health & Education		Coming Soon
Reduce	Food Loss & Waste	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Curb Growing Demands	Coming Soon
Improve	Forest Management	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Restore	Forests	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Deploy	Geothermal Power	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Protect	Grasslands & Savannas	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Restore	Grasslands & Savannas	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Improve	Grid Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Improve Electrical System	Coming Soon
Use	Heat Pumps	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Shift Energy Sources, Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Enhance	High-Speed Rail	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Shift to Alternatives	Coming Soon
Mobilize	Hybrid Cars	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Boost	Industrial Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity & Industry	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Increase	Industrial Electrification	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Processes	Coming Soon
Improve	Livestock Grazing	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Deploy	Low-Emission Industrial Feedstocks	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	Coming Soon
Improve	Manure Management	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Deploy	Methane Digesters	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity & Industry	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Improve	Nonmotorized Transportation	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Shift to Alternatives	million passenger-kilometers (million pkm)	115.6	1.286×10⁷/yr	2.863×10⁷ to 4.149×10⁷/yr	3.31 to 4.80	-1771.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Deploy	Nuclear Power	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Improve	Ocean Shipping Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Deploy	Offshore Wind Turbines	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Deploy	Onshore Wind Turbines	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Improve	Other Building Materials	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Materials	Coming Soon
Restore	Peatlands	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Protect	Peatlands: Boreal	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	1 ha	0.92/yr	5.4×10⁷	1.99×10⁸ to 2.55×10⁸	0.18 to 0.24	0.25	CO₂ ,CH₄, N₂O	Emergency Brake
Protect	Peatlands: Temperate	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	1 ha	4.42/yr	1.3×10⁷	1.8×10⁷ to 2.4×10⁷	0.08 to 0.11	0.25	CO₂ ,CH₄, N₂O	Emergency Brake
Protect	Peatlands: Subtropical	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	1 ha	13.47/yr	3×10⁶	9×10⁶ to 1.1×10⁷	0.12 to 0.15	0.25	CO₂ ,CH₄, N₂O	Emergency Brake
Protect	Peatlands: Tropical	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Protect & Manage Ecosystems	1 ha	13.23/yr	3.5×10⁷	7.2×10⁷ to 9.2×10⁷	0.95 to 1.22	0.25	CO₂ ,CH₄, N₂O	Emergency Brake
Deploy	Perennial Crops	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Enhance	Public Transit	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Shift to Alternatives	million passenger kilometers (million pkm)	58.27	1.672×10⁷/yr	2.198×10⁷ to 4.191×10⁷/yr	1.28 to 2.44	-3300.00	CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC	Gradual
Increase	Recycling	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Use Waste as a Resource	Coming Soon
Improve	Refrigerant Management	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Cut Fugitive Emissions	Coming Soon
Improve	Rice Production	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Protect & Restore	Seaweed	Highly Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Deploy	Small Hydropower	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Deploy	Solar Hot Water	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings	Shift Energy Sources	Coming Soon
Improve	Supply Chain Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Improve	Truck Efficiency	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Deploy	Utility-Scale Solar PV	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Hold	Virtual Meetings	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Shift to Alternatives	Coming Soon
Improve	Windows & Glass	Highly Recommended	Cut Emissions	Buildings & Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Restore	Coastal Wetlands	Worthwhile	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Use	Cool Roofs	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Enhance Efficiency	Coming Soon
Improve	Fisheries & Aquaculture	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Improve	Irrigation Efficiency	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Boost	Large Herbivore Restoration	Worthwhile	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Deploy	Ocean Power	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Improve	Ruminant Management	Worthwhile	Cut Emissions	Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Boost	Whale Restoration	Worthwhile	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Restore & Manage Ecosystems	Coming Soon
Deploy	Agrivoltaics	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Produce	Bio-bricks / Bio‑oils	Keep Watching	Remove Carbon	Industrial Carbon Removal	Biomass Carbon Removal & Storage	Coming Soon
Deploy	Industrial Green Hydrogen	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Industry, Materials & Waste	Improve Processes	Coming Soon
Deploy	Low-Carbon Biofuels	Keep Watching	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching	Coming Soon
Explore	Ocean Electrochemistry	Keep Watching	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	Coming Soon
Deploy	Seaweed Farming	Keep Watching	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Shift Agriculture Practices	Coming Soon
Advance	Artificial Upwelling	Not Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	Coming Soon
Use	Corn-Based Ethanol	Not Recommended	Cut Emissions	Transportation	Fuel Switching	Coming Soon
Use	Direct Air Capture	Not Recommended	Remove Carbon	Industrial Carbon Removal	Carbon Removal & Storage	Coming Soon
Use	Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture & Storage	Not Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity	Shift Production	Coming Soon
Deploy	Ocean Biomass Sinking	Not Recommended	Remove Carbon	Nature-Based Carbon Removal	Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles	Coming Soon
Deploy	Stratospheric Sulfate Injection	Not Recommended	Other	Geoengineering	Solar Radiation Management	Coming Soon
Use	Waste to Energy	Not Recommended	Cut Emissions	Electricity & Industry	Shift Production	Coming Soon

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