DrawdownExplorer

Your ultimate guide to stopping climate change

We know what we need to do: stop climate change as quickly as possible. Now, with the Drawdown Explorer, we know how to do it.

Building upon thousands of hours of analysis by scientific experts from around the world, the Drawdown Explorer provides detailed information on 100-plus technologies and practices proven or proposed to effectively reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

The Drawdown Explorer analyzes solutions in four categories:

  • Highly Recommended: solutions that meet Project Drawdown’s criteria for global climate solutions
  • Worthwhile: solutions that may help mitigate climate change or have additional benefits but do not meet the scale to be considered a global climate solution
  • Keep Watching: solutions that have potential but given current technology, cost, or adoption, are not yet ready to be deployed
  • Not Recommended: solutions we do not expect to be global climate solutions either due to lack of evidence for their effectiveness, high costs, or high risk.

Browse the full complement of Drawdown Explorer solutions below, or filter by criteria of your choice using dropdowns or the table format. Then click through to individual solutions to get a close-up view of current and potential impact – including, for recommended solutions, the optimal timing, cost, additional benefits,  interactive maps showing where action can have the greatest impact, and specific advice for how you, whatever your role, can best put the solution to work. 

From Science to Solutions  

The climate crisis is urgent, so it’s critical that the solutions are fast-acting and effective.

Drawdown Explorer identifies and characterizes the most effective climate solutions that can address climate change on a meaningful scale today. It also provides valuable insights into proposed solutions that are not viable, not impactful enough, or not yet ready for prime time.

See A Primer on Science-Based Climate Solutions to learn more about the science behind our next-generation guide to meaningful climate action.

Last updated June 30, 2025

Browse Solutions

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Deploy Clean Cooking
Family cooking on a clean stove indoors
Highly Recommended
Deploy LED Lighting
Office building exterior showing many floors of indoor lit offices
Highly Recommended
Deploy Alternative Insulation Materials
Worker sprays insulation in building frame.
Highly Recommended
Improve Cement Production: Alternative fuels
Cement factory
Highly Recommended
Improve Cement Production: Clinker substitution
Cement factory
Highly Recommended
Improve Cement Production: Process efficiency upgrades
Cement factory
Highly Recommended
Improve Landfill Management: Biocovers
Methane tap valve from a landfill
Highly Recommended
Improve Landfill Management: Methane capture/use/destruction
Methane tap valve from a landfill
Highly Recommended
Manage Coal Mine Methane
Worker in a coal mine
Highly Recommended
Manage Oil & Gas Methane
Oil wells and flame coming from flare stack
Highly Recommended
Protect Forests: Boreal
Boreal forest
Highly Recommended
Protect Forests: Subtropical
Subtropical forest
Highly Recommended
Protect Forests: Temperate
Temperate forest
Highly Recommended
Protect Forests: Tropical
Fog sitting among trees of a dense forest canopy
Highly Recommended
Improve Nutrient Management
Farm equipment applying fertilizer selectively
Highly Recommended
Improve Annual Cropping
Crops in a field
Highly Recommended
Deploy Silvopasture
Cows grazing among trees
Highly Recommended
Boost Appliance and Equipment Efficiency
Washing machines on conveyer belts in a factory
Worthwhile
Use Low-Flow Fixtures
Water streaming from shower head
Worthwhile
Deploy Micro Wind Turbines
Micro wind turbine on hillside
Worthwhile
Deploy Nuclear Fusion
A graphic showing the inside of a nuclear fusion reactor
Keep Watching
Deploy Small Modular Nuclear Reactors
Exterior of a small modular nuclear facility
Keep Watching
Deploy Blue Hydrogen
An image of a large, metal hydrogen storage tank that says 'H2 Hydrogen' on the side
Keep Watching
Deploy Plastic Alternatives / Bioplastics
Colorful smoothies in plastic cups with label 100% biodegradable
Keep Watching
Mobilize Green Hydrogen for Aviation and Trucking
A graphic of a clear bubble in the form of a molecule with a green background
Keep Watching
Deploy Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Airline jet engine
Keep Watching
Advance Cultivated Meat
Fried chicken sandwich
Keep Watching
Protect Seafloors
An image of a seafloor featuring two pinkish-orange anemones
Keep Watching
Use Feed Additives
Cow at feeding station
Keep Watching
Deploy Enhanced Rock Weathering
Basalt
Keep Watching
Deploy Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement
An image of the frothy crest of a wave
Keep Watching
Deploy Vertical Farms
An image of a vertical farm featuring rows of vegetables
Not Recommended
Deploy Ocean Fertilization
An aerial view of the Earth with colorful plankton blooms in the ocean off the coast of a landmass
Not Recommended
Deploy District Heating
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Solar Hot Water
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Building Envelopes
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Automate Building Systems
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Use Heat Pumps
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Concentrated Solar
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Distributed Solar PV
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy District Cooling
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Geothermal Power
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Grid Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Nuclear Power
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Offshore Wind Turbines
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Onshore Wind Turbines
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Small Hydropower
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Utility-Scale Solar PV
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Bioelectricity with Carbon Capture & Storage
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Boost Industrial Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Methane Digesters
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Alternative Refrigerants
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Increase Composting
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Increase Industrial Electrification
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Low-Emission Industrial Feedstocks
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Other Building Materials
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Increase Recycling
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Refrigerant Management
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Aviation Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Increase Carpooling
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Private electric bicycles
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Shared electric bicycles
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Mobilize Electric Cars
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Electric Scooters & Motorcycles
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Electric Trains
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Electric Trucks & Buses
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Enhance High-Speed Rail
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Mobilize Hybrid Cars
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Nonmotorized Transportation
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Ocean Shipping Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Enhance Public Transit
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Supply Chain Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Truck Efficiency
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Hold Virtual Meetings
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Coastal Wetlands
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Reduce Crop Residue Burning
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Diets
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Reduce Food Loss & Waste
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Forest Management
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Grasslands & Savannas
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Manure Management
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Peatlands: Boreal
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Peatlands: Subtropical
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Peatlands: Temperate
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect Peatlands: Tropical
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Rice Production
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Restore Abandoned Farmland
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Agroforestry
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Biomass Crops on Degraded Land
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Restore Forests
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Restore Grasslands & Savannas
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Livestock Grazing
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Restore Peatlands
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Deploy Perennial Crops
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Protect & Restore Seaweed
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Produce Biochar
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Support Family Planning & Education
Coming Soon
Highly Recommended
Improve Windows & Glass
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Use Cool Roofs
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Deploy Ocean Power
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Improve Fisheries & Aquaculture
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Improve Irrigation Efficiency
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Improve Ruminant Management
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Restore Coastal Wetlands
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Boost Large Herbivore Restoration
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Boost Whale Restoration
Coming Soon
Worthwhile
Deploy Agrivoltaics
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Deploy Industrial Green Hydrogen
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Deploy Low-Carbon Biofuels
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Deploy Ocean Biomass Sinking
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Explore Ocean Electrochemistry
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Deploy Seaweed Farming
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Produce Bio-bricks / Bio‑oils
Coming Soon
Keep Watching
Use Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture & Storage
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Use Waste to Energy
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Use Corn-Based Ethanol
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Advance Artificial Upwelling
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Use Direct Air Capture
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Deploy Stratospheric Sulfate Injection
Coming Soon
Not Recommended
Action Solution Solution Classification Mode Sector Cluster Adoption Unit Effectiveness t CO₂‑eq (100-yr)/unit Adoption Current Adoption Achievable Range GHG Impact Gt CO₂-eq (100‑yr)/yr Cost US$ per t CO₂‑eq Climate Pollutants Mitigated Speed of Action Additional Benefits Title
Deploy Alternative Insulation Materials Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials

insulation units of 100 m² and 1 m²·K/W

1.59 1.4×10⁷/yr 2.9×10⁷ to 7.3×10⁷/yr 0.05 to 0.12 -121.00

CO₂, F-gas

Emergency Brake
Improve Annual Cropping Highly Recommended Cut Emissions FALO & Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices

ha cropland

1.8/yr 0 6.42×10⁷ to 4.326×10⁸ 0.12 to 0.78 47.80

CO₂, N₂O

Delayed
Improve Cement Production: Clinker substitution Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials

Mt clinker avoided

690,000 980/yr 1,000 to 2,000/yr 0.70 to 1.00 -30.00

CO₂

Gradual
Improve Cement Production: Alternative fuels Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials

Mt cement produced using alternative fuels

96,000 300/yr 610 to 2,000/yr 0.06 to 0.20 -50.00

CO₂

Gradual
Improve Cement Production: Process efficiency upgrades Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials

GJ thermal energy input reduced

0.085 0/yr 8.86×10⁸ to 1.18×10⁹/yr 0.08 to 0.10 -60.00

CO₂

Gradual
Deploy Clean Cooking Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings Shift Energy Sources

household switching to cleaner cooking

2.3/yr 0 4.2×10⁸ to 4.2×10⁸ 0.98 to 0.98 27.00

CO₂, CH₄, BC

Emergency Brake
Manage Coal Mine Methane Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Other Energy Cut Fugitive Emissions

Mt methane abated

2.79×10⁷ 0.59/yr 2.83 to 4.4/yr 0.08 to 0.12 -3.17

CH₄ , N₂O, BC

Emergency Brake
Protect Forests: Boreal Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

ha protected

0.299/yr 4.67×10⁸ 8.47×10⁸ to 8.61×10⁸ 0.25 to 0.26 2.00

CO₂

Emergency Brake
Protect Forests: Temperate Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

ha protected

1.403/yr 1.59×10⁸ 2.04×10⁸ to 3.78×10⁸ 0.29 to 0.53 2.00

CO₂

Emergency Brake
Protect Forests: Subtropical Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

ha protected

2.204/yr 1.12×10⁸ 1.26×10⁸ to 2.19×10⁸ 0.28 to 0.48 2.00

CO₂

Emergency Brake
Protect Forests: Tropical Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

ha protected

1.489/yr 9.36×10⁸ 1.12×10⁹ to 1.577×10⁹ 1.67 to 2.35 2.00

CO₂

Emergency Brake
Improve Landfill Management: Methane capture/use/destruction Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Cut Fugitive Emissions

Mt methane abated

2.79×10⁷ 1.59/yr 4.5 to 34.78/yr 0.13 to 0.97 -6.42

CH₄, N₂O, BC

Emergency Brake
Improve Landfill Management: Biocovers Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Cut Fugitive Emissions

Mt methane abated

2.79×10⁷ 0/yr 35.13 to 57.04/yr 0.98 to 1.59 0.47

CH₄, N₂O, BC

Emergency Brake
Deploy LED Lighting Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Enhance Efficiency

% lamps LED

7.09×10⁶/yr 50.5 87 to 92 0.62 to 0.65 -175.00

CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

Gradual
Improve Nutrient Management Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices

t avoided excess nitrogen application

6 1.045×10⁷/yr 6.985×10⁷ to 9.106×10⁷/yr 0.42 to 0.54 -85.21

N₂O

Gradual
Manage Oil & Gas Methane Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Other Energy Cut Fugitive Emissions

Mt methane abated

2.79×10⁷ 0/yr 3.26 to 8.84/yr 0.09 to 0.25 -6.20

CH₄, N₂O, BC

Emergency Brake
Deploy Silvopasture Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices

ha converted from grazing land to silvopasture

9.81/yr 0 5.6×10⁶ to 6.49×10⁷ 0.05 to 0.64 43.25

CO₂

Delayed
Boost Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Worthwhile Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Enhance Efficiency
    Use Low-Flow Fixtures Worthwhile Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Enhance Efficiency
      Deploy Micro Wind Turbines Worthwhile Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production
        Deploy Blue Hydrogen Keep Watching Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Processes
          Advance Cultivated Meat Keep Watching Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Curb Growing Demands
            Deploy Enhanced Rock Weathering Keep Watching Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles
              Use Feed Additives Keep Watching Cut Emissions FALO & Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices
                Mobilize Green Hydrogen for Aviation and Trucking Keep Watching Cut Emissions Transportation Fuel Switching
                  Deploy Nuclear Fusion Keep Watching Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production
                    Deploy Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Keep Watching Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles
                      Deploy Plastic Alternatives / Bioplastics Keep Watching Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials
                        Protect Seafloors Keep Watching Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems
                          Deploy Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Keep Watching Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production
                            Deploy Sustainable Aviation Fuel Keep Watching Cut Emissions Transportation Fuel Switching
                              Deploy Ocean Fertilization Not Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles
                                Deploy Vertical Farms Not Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices
                                  Restore Abandoned Farmland Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Use Degraded Land Coming Soon
                                    Deploy Agroforestry Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                      Deploy Alternative Refrigerants Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials Coming Soon
                                        Improve Aviation Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                          Produce Biochar Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Industrial Carbon Removal Biomass Carbon Removal & Storage Coming Soon
                                            Deploy Bioelectricity with Carbon Capture & Storage Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity & Industry Shift Production Coming Soon
                                              Deploy Biomass Crops on Degraded Land Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Use Degraded Land Coming Soon
                                                Improve Building Envelopes Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                  Automate Building Systems Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                    Increase Carpooling Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Shift to Alternatives Coming Soon
                                                      Protect Coastal Wetlands Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                        Increase Composting Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Use Waste as a Resource Coming Soon
                                                          Deploy Concentrated Solar Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                            Reduce Crop Residue Burning Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                              Improve Diets Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Curb Growing Demands Coming Soon
                                                                Deploy Distributed Solar PV Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                  Deploy District Cooling Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                    Deploy District Heating Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings Shift Energy Sources Coming Soon
                                                                      Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Private electric bicycles Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles

                                                                      1,000 electric bicycles

                                                                      110.5/yr 277,600 421,300 to 1.01×10⁶ 0.05 to 0.11 -1748.00

                                                                      CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

                                                                      Gradual
                                                                      Mobilize Electric Bicycles: Shared electric bicycles Worthwhile Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles

                                                                      1,000 electric bicycles

                                                                      14.44/yr 2,000 22,010 to 69,260 0.00 to 0.00 22860.00

                                                                      CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

                                                                      Gradual
                                                                      Mobilize Electric Cars Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching

                                                                      million passenger-kilometers (million pkm)

                                                                      48.52 818,900/yr 2.602×10⁷ to 4.731×10⁷/yr 1.26 to 2.30 -1019.00

                                                                      CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

                                                                      Gradual
                                                                      Mobilize Electric Scooters & Motorcycles Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching Coming Soon
                                                                        Mobilize Electric Trains Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching Coming Soon
                                                                          Mobilize Electric Trucks & Buses Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching Coming Soon
                                                                            Support Family Planning & Education Highly Recommended Society Health & Education Coming Soon
                                                                              Reduce Food Loss & Waste Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Curb Growing Demands Coming Soon
                                                                                Improve Forest Management Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                  Restore Forests Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                    Deploy Geothermal Power Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                      Restore Grasslands & Savannas Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                        Protect Grasslands & Savannas Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                          Improve Grid Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Improve Electrical System Coming Soon
                                                                                            Use Heat Pumps Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Shift Energy Sources, Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                              Enhance High-Speed Rail Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Shift to Alternatives Coming Soon
                                                                                                Mobilize Hybrid Cars Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                  Boost Industrial Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity & Industry Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                    Increase Industrial Electrification Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Processes Coming Soon
                                                                                                      Improve Livestock Grazing Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                        Deploy Low-Emission Industrial Feedstocks Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials Coming Soon
                                                                                                          Improve Manure Management Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                            Deploy Methane Digesters Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity & Industry Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                              Improve Nonmotorized Transportation Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Shift to Alternatives

                                                                                                              million passenger-kilometers (million pkm)

                                                                                                              115.6 1.286×10⁷/yr 2.863×10⁷ to 4.149×10⁷/yr 3.31 to 4.80 -1771.00

                                                                                                              CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

                                                                                                              Gradual
                                                                                                              Deploy Nuclear Power Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                Improve Ocean Shipping Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                                  Deploy Offshore Wind Turbines Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                    Deploy Onshore Wind Turbines Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                      Improve Other Building Materials Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Materials Coming Soon
                                                                                                                        Restore Peatlands Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                                                          Protect Peatlands: Boreal Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

                                                                                                                          1 ha

                                                                                                                          0.92/yr 5.4×10⁷ 1.99×10⁸ to 2.55×10⁸ 0.18 to 0.24 0.25

                                                                                                                          CO₂ , CH₄, N₂O

                                                                                                                          Emergency Brake
                                                                                                                          Protect Peatlands: Temperate Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

                                                                                                                          1 ha

                                                                                                                          4.42/yr 1.3×10⁷ 1.8×10⁷ to 2.4×10⁷ 0.08 to 0.11 0.25

                                                                                                                          CO₂ , CH₄, N₂O

                                                                                                                          Emergency Brake
                                                                                                                          Protect Peatlands: Subtropical Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

                                                                                                                          1 ha

                                                                                                                          13.47/yr 3×10⁶ 9×10⁶ to 1.1×10⁷ 0.12 to 0.15 0.25

                                                                                                                          CO₂ , CH₄, N₂O

                                                                                                                          Emergency Brake
                                                                                                                          Protect Peatlands: Tropical Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Protect & Manage Ecosystems

                                                                                                                          1 ha

                                                                                                                          13.23/yr 3.5×10⁷ 7.2×10⁷ to 9.2×10⁷ 0.95 to 1.22 0.25

                                                                                                                          CO₂ , CH₄, N₂O

                                                                                                                          Emergency Brake
                                                                                                                          Deploy Perennial Crops Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                            Enhance Public Transit Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Shift to Alternatives

                                                                                                                            million passenger kilometers (million pkm)

                                                                                                                            58.27 1.672×10⁷/yr 2.198×10⁷ to 4.191×10⁷/yr 1.28 to 2.44 -3300.00

                                                                                                                            CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BC

                                                                                                                            Gradual
                                                                                                                            Increase Recycling Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Use Waste as a Resource Coming Soon
                                                                                                                              Improve Refrigerant Management Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Cut Fugitive Emissions Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                Improve Rice Production Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                  Protect & Restore Seaweed Highly Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                    Deploy Small Hydropower Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                      Deploy Solar Hot Water Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Buildings Shift Energy Sources Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                        Improve Supply Chain Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                          Improve Truck Efficiency Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                            Deploy Utility-Scale Solar PV Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                              Hold Virtual Meetings Highly Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Shift to Alternatives Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                Restore Coastal Wetlands Worthwhile Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                  Use Cool Roofs Worthwhile Cut Emissions Electricity Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                    Improve Fisheries & Aquaculture Worthwhile Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                      Improve Irrigation Efficiency Worthwhile Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                        Boost Large Herbivore Restoration Worthwhile Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                          Deploy Ocean Power Worthwhile Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                            Improve Ruminant Management Worthwhile Cut Emissions Food, Agriculture, Land & Ocean Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                              Boost Whale Restoration Worthwhile Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Restore & Manage Ecosystems Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                Improve Windows & Glass Worthwhile Cut Emissions Buildings & Electricity Enhance Efficiency Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                  Deploy Agrivoltaics Keep Watching Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                    Produce Bio-bricks / Bio‑oils Keep Watching Remove Carbon Industrial Carbon Removal Biomass Carbon Removal & Storage Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                      Deploy Industrial Green Hydrogen Keep Watching Cut Emissions Industry, Materials & Waste Improve Processes Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                        Deploy Low-Carbon Biofuels Keep Watching Cut Emissions Transportation Electrify Vehicles, Fuel Switching Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                          Deploy Ocean Biomass Sinking Keep Watching Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                            Explore Ocean Electrochemistry Keep Watching Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                              Deploy Seaweed Farming Keep Watching Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Shift Agriculture Practices Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                Advance Artificial Upwelling Not Recommended Remove Carbon Nature-Based Carbon Removal Manipulate Biogeochemical Cycles Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                  Use Corn-Based Ethanol Not Recommended Cut Emissions Transportation Fuel Switching Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                    Use Direct Air Capture Not Recommended Remove Carbon Industrial Carbon Removal Carbon Removal & Storage Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                      Use Fossil Fuels with Carbon Capture & Storage Not Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity Shift Production Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                        Deploy Stratospheric Sulfate Injection Not Recommended Other Geoengineering Solar Radiation Management Coming Soon
                                                                                                                                                                                          Use Waste to Energy Not Recommended Cut Emissions Electricity & Industry Shift Production Coming Soon