Project Drawdown ready to roll at San Francisco Climate Week 2026

Spring in the air, and it’s that time of year again — Project Drawdown is headed to San Francisco Climate Week 2026! And we want to see you there. We are packing our bags with science-backed climate solutions, game-changing platforms and tools, and a heavy dose of climate inspiration. Because, like you, we know it’s an all-hands-on-deck situation when it comes to the escalating climate crisis. We are going to need every lever at our disposal to step up our collective game — right now — to drive climate action more intentionally and aggressively than ever before.

For those who are unfamiliar, San Francisco Climate Week is an annual gathering where thought leaders, scientists, climate innovators, community leaders, and everyday citizens come together to connect, share ideas, and commit to tangible next steps for advancing climate solutions in their neighborhoods and around the world. 

From April 21–24, Project Drawdown is thrilled to be headed to the Bay Area for the third year in a row.

Have a look at the events below, and come find us in San Francisco to say hello. We’ll see you there!


Tuesday, April 21

Women & Allies in Climate Happy Hour

4:00–6:00 p.m. PT

The Clubhouse (Ground Floor), 150 Pacific Avenue, San Francisco, CA

Calling all Women and Allies in the San Francisco area! Join Women and Allies in Climate with The Nature Conservancy for happy hour. Enjoy networking with partners like The CARE-WWF Alliance, Project Drawdown, Arizona State University, and Planet Women while we celebrate our collective efforts. Elizabeth Bagley, Ph.D., Project Drawdown’s Managing Director, will be there to connect with you!

Register for this informal gathering here.


Thursday, April 23: Climate Solutions Summit

In partnership with Climate Lead, Food System innovations, The All We Can Save Project, and ReFED, Project Drawdown will be hosting the Climate Solutions Summit, a day of exciting events at The Melody (906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA) on Thursday, April 23. Whether you drop by for one session or spend the whole day with us, we would be thrilled to welcome you. Register now for this FREE event!


Drawdown Explorer: Lessons Learned Since the Launch of the World’s Most Powerful Climate Solutions Platform

11:00–12:00 p.m. PT

The Melody, 906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA

Moderator: Jonathan Foley, Ph.D., Executive Director, Project Drawdown

Panelists include:

Launched just eight months ago, Drawdown Explorer has quickly established a reputation as the world’s leading climate solutions platform. It is what the climate movement has been missing: an all-encompassing platform using the best available data to provide decision-makers with actionable, localized intelligence on the most effective climate solutions. 

By aggregating and analyzing thousands of solutions across sectors – from energy and transportation to food systems and land use – Drawdown Explorer enables governments, businesses, and communities to prioritize interventions that have the greatest potential for measurable impact. Its open-access design ensures that anyone, anywhere, can explore climate solutions backed by rigorous science, making it a powerful tool for accelerating climate action globally.

This session will provide an inside look at the collaborative effort behind Drawdown Explorer, highlighting both the science behind the platform and how it was brought to life. Amanda Smith, Ph.D., will offer insight into the scientific methodology and the people behind Drawdown Explorer, including how solutions are assessed and evaluated within the platform. Drawdown Explorer’s developer, Chad Upham, will also share behind-the-scenes insights about the design process for an open-access online platform specifically built to provide detailed, up-to-date intelligence on climate solutions. The session will close with an audience Q&A and reflections from Jonathan Foley, Ph.D. on how this work shapes the future of climate action.

Register for this in-person session here


Pull the Emergency Brake: The Climate Solutions Demanding Urgent Action Today

12:00–1:00 p.m. PT

The Melody, 906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA

Speakers:

While much of the world has started to commit to serious climate action, denial, delay, and apathy over the years have nevertheless cost us precious time. Today, reaching the aspirational 1.5  ̊C target of the Paris Accords may no longer be possible; even stopping climate change at 2  ̊C is looking difficult.

But we can accelerate progress by taking more effective action and focusing on so-called “Emergency Brake” climate solutions – especially those focused on short-lived pollutants.

In this session, Jonathan Foley, Ph.D., Executive Director, Project Drawdown, and Stephan Nicoleau, Board Chair, Project Drawdown, will explain the untapped power of Emergency Brake solutions and explore how they can help “bend the curve” on near-term warming. Recognizing that a systematic scientific review of Emergency Brake solutions does not yet exist, they will discuss how Project Drawdown is addressing this unmet need through careful scientific analysis, deep stakeholder engagement, and a robust communications campaign to help bring Emergency Brake solutions deeper into the mainstream. Currently, Project Drawdown is evaluating the potential of 50–60 effective Emergency Brake solutions that can be deployed in tandem or individually to curb and delay future warming.

Register for this in-person session here


Closing the Funding Gap: Mobilizing Capital for Effective Climate Solutions

1:00–2:00 p.m. PT

The Melody, 906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA

Moderator: Amanda Bielawski, Ph.D., MBA, Director of Global Strategic Partnerships, Project Drawdown

Panelists include: 

This session is brought to San Francisco Climate Week by Project Drawdown and Climate Lead. Climate Lead provides philanthropists with the information and insights they need to make a bold impact on climate from day one.

There is an urgent need for greater private capital flows toward science-based climate solutions. But how do we drive that change? 

Philanthropy and investing can play a huge role. This all-star panel brings together Jennifer Kitt, President of Climate Lead, with Project Drawdown’s scientific expertise to drive capital toward proven climate solutions and catalyze investment at scale. Panelists will explore the critical role donors and philanthropic advisors must play in making climate a top priority in the years ahead. 

Designed for donors, philanthropic advisors, impact investors, and others working to direct more capital toward high-impact climate solutions, this session focuses on how to identify and prioritize the most effective climate actions based on the latest science. Drawing on the expertise of our panelists and Project Drawdown’s research and emerging work in the climate investment space, we’ll highlight where capital is most needed, what distinguishes the highest-impact opportunities, and how to align giving and investment strategies accordingly. We’ll also share practical ways to navigate this landscape – through tools such as Drawdown Explorer and other resources that help translate insight into action with greater speed and clarity. 

Register for this in-person session here


From Farm to Table to Planet: How Do We Feed the World Without Destroying It?

2:00–3:00 p.m. PT

The Melody, 906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA

Moderator: Jonathan Foley, Ph.D., Executive Director, Project Drawdown

Panelists include:

When we think of the chief causes of climate change, the first thing that often comes to mind is the use of fossil fuels for electricity production, transportation, and industry. But an equally significant, yet far less recognized, contributor to climate change often gets short shrift: the global food system.

Given that a whopping 22–33% of all greenhouse gas emissions come from the food, agriculture and land use sector, the systems we use to produce food have huge unrealized potential to help halt climate change.

In this session, moderated by Jonathan Foley, Ph.D., Executive Director, Project Drawdown, and featuring Lauren Gifford, Ph.D., Senior Advisor, Climate Philanthropy and Investing, Project Drawdown, panelists will explore the many ways food-related climate solutions can drive progress in the broader global effort to bring climate change to heel. Project Drawdown continues to share the results of cutting-edge research in this space in order to help businesses, impact investors, funders, and other stakeholders identify and deploy the most impactful food, agriculture, and land use solutions.

Register for this in-person session here


From Ache to Action: The Human Work of Climate Change

3:00–4:00 p.m. PT

The Melody, 906 Broadway, San Francisco, CA

Speakers:

Climate solutions don't implement themselves — they require people who are informed, motivated, and equipped to act. The SHIFT (Super High-Impact Initiative for Fixing Tomorrow) guide provides a research-based framework for connecting personal action to collective impact across five roles: citizen, professional, investor, consumer, and role model.

But knowing what to do is only part of the journey. When the path feels uncertain — or the weight of the moment becomes too hard to carry — how do we find our footing?

Katharine K. Wilkinson, Ph.D., co-editor of All We Can Save and lead writer of Drawdown, has written a new guide for exactly this moment. Climate Wayfinding: Healing Ourselves and the Planet We Call Home is a compassionate, empowering map for moving from ache to action, from doubt to possibility — “invaluable,” as Bill McKibben recently put it.

Join Wilkinson and Project Drawdown’s Elizabeth Bagley, Ph.D., for a dynamic conversation and readings from the book. Together, they will explore how we orient ourselves within a changing world, identify where we can contribute most, and sustain the energy to keep going. Whether you are a longtime climate practitioner or newly finding your footing, you will leave nourished, grounded, and better equipped for the road ahead.

Register for this in-person session here


Friday, April 24

Climate Action Youth Summit

10:00 a.m.–2:00 p.m. PT

Yerba Buena Gardens, 750 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA

Join Elizabeth Bagley, Ph.D., at the 2026 Climate Action Youth Summit! 

Discover innovative projects, connect with change makers, and explore green career opportunities. The event is one of San Francisco’s biggest FREE climate events of the year to celebrate youth-led climate action and empower San Francisco’s youth to explore their interests through an environmental lens! 

Community members will be able to: 

  • enjoy youth presentations across areas like science and art
  • meet youth-focused community organizations
  • listen to inspirational stories from young leaders.

High school and college students can network at the Career Mixer and participate in a clothing swap.

Register to secure your free ticket for this in-person session here.


About Project Drawdown

Project Drawdown is the world’s leading guide to science-based climate solutions. Our mission is to drive meaningful climate action around the world. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Project Drawdown is funded by individual and institutional donations.

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Key Takeaways

  • Project Drawdown is hosting numerous events on April 23 as part of San Francisco Climate Week.
  • We'll also be participating in Women &. Allies in Climate Happy Hour April 21 and the Climate Action Youth Summit April 24.
  • Please join us if you'll be in town!
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World-renowned climate scientist and author Kate Marvel, Ph.D., returns to Project Drawdown

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Project Drawdown is thrilled to announce that leading climate scientist, author, and science communicator Kate Marvel, Ph.D., will be returning to Project Drawdown this spring. She previously served as a Senior Scientist on the team in 2023–24. 

Marvel recently resigned from her role at NASA in a move that was covered by Scientific AmericanThe New York TimesBloomberg, and others. 

In her new Senior Scientist, Climate role at Project Drawdown, Marvel will lead work focused on emergency brake climate solutions – solutions that can help “bend the curve” on future warming more quickly, by curbing emissions of methane, black carbon, and other fast-acting greenhouse gas pollutants.

“I’m unbelievably excited to return to Project Drawdown,” said Marvel. “This is a unique historical moment, in which the impacts of climate change are becoming ever more apparent, political opposition is strengthening, and yet the solutions are more clear and accessible than ever. We have a real chance to move the needle on climate action, but only if we’re able to draw upon the best available science. Science is integral to Project Drawdown’s approach, and I look forward to doing research in an environment that supports free inquiry, rigorous debate, and critical thinking.”  

Marvel is an acclaimed climate scientist and author based in Brooklyn, N.Y., who focuses on modeling how our planet is changing and understanding what could happen in the future. Prior to joining Project Drawdown, she worked at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, Stanford University, the Carnegie Institution, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. She received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University. Her book Human Nature was published by Ecco/HarperCollins in 2025.

“We are thrilled that Dr. Marvel will be returning to Project Drawdown after her time at NASA. She is a world-leading climate scientist, public communicator, and author, and her talents deserve to be fully supported and unleashed – especially at this critical time,” says Project Drawdown Executive Director Jonathan Foley, Ph.D. “We are thankful to have her back and excited to have her lead work on our critical emergency brake climate solutions initiative.”

For press inquiries, please contact Todd Reubold, Director of Marketing and Communications, at todd.reubold@drawdown.org 


About Project Drawdown

Project Drawdown is the world’s leading guide to science-based climate solutions. Our mission is to drive meaningful climate action around the world. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Project Drawdown is funded by individual and institutional donations.

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Project Drawdown expands team to accelerate global deployment of capital to proven climate solutions

New staff strengthen Project Drawdown’s support for private-sector efforts to halt climate change.
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Key Takeaways

  • Lauren Gifford, Ph.D., and Elena Essa have joined the Project Drawdown team.
  • The new staff members will help philanthropists, foundations, and mission-driven investors accelerate investment in the most effective and efficient climate solutions.
  • To keep up with Project Drawdown’s work in this area, subscribe to our biweekly newsletter here.

Project Drawdown has welcomed Lauren Gifford, Ph.D., and Elena Essa to its private sector engagement team to expand efforts to mobilize billions of dollars toward proven climate solutions.

Working with Amanda Bielawski, Ph.D., Director of Global Strategic Partnerships, Gifford and Essa will create pathways for philanthropists, foundations, and mission-driven investors to accelerate investment in the most effective climate solutions identified by Drawdown Explorer. Their work will focus on developing partnerships, decision-support tools, and thought leadership that help guide large-scale capital toward high-impact science-based climate strategies.

“Mobilizing capital at scale is essential to effectively address the climate crisis,” Bielawski says. “Lauren and Elena bring deep expertise and strategic insight that will help connect funders with solutions that are scientifically proven to deliver the most effective and efficient climate progress.”

Lauren Gifford, Ph.D., Senior Advisor, Climate Philanthropy and Investing, joins Project Drawdown to guide philanthropies, investors, and institutions in aligning capital with science-based, high-integrity, and equitable climate strategies. Gifford previously served as Director of the Soil Carbon Solutions Center and Assistant Professor of Carbon Management at Colorado State University. Beyond academia, Gifford has advised governments, foundations, NGOs, and Fortune 100 companies on climate finance and policy. 

Elena Essa, Program Manager for Global Strategic Partnerships, provides strategic management of the program to build ambitious partnerships across the private sector to effectively scale climate solutions. She comes to Project Drawdown from RMI, where she led technoeconomic, policy, and strategic research across the Carbon-Free Electricity Program and Climate-Aligned Industries Program.

For the latest on these and other Project Drawdown initiatives, subscribe to our biweekly newsletter here.


About Project Drawdown

Project Drawdown is the world’s leading guide to science-based climate solutions. Our mission is to drive meaningful climate action around the world. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Project Drawdown is funded by individual and institutional donations.

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Restore Seagrass Ecosystems

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Restore Seagrass Ecosystems is a Worthwhile climate solution.
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Restore
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Seagrass Ecosystems
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Restore Mangrove Ecosystems

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Summary

Restore Mangrove Ecosystems removes carbon by re-establishing mangrove forests in areas where they were previously destroyed by conversion or other disturbances. This allows carbon to accumulate in above- and belowground biomass and sediment. Advantages include mangrove forests' high effectiveness at carbon removal and storage, as well as their numerous environmental benefits and generally low cost. However, the relatively small area available for restoration (~1 Mha) likely limits its global climate impact below 0.1 Gt CO₂‑eq/yr. Despite its limited global climate impact, we consider restoring mangrove forests “Worthwhile” as it is a valuable regional multi-benefit tool for carbon removal with no major environmental risks.

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Restore Mangrove Ecosystems is a Worthwhile climate solution. It is relatively easy and inexpensive, but the area available for implementing is limited.
Overview

What is our assessment?

Based on our analysis, restoring mangrove forests is a highly effective and relatively inexpensive tool for carbon removal, but it has a small climate impact due to the limited global area available for restoration. While the climate impact is probably low, we consider it a “Worthwhile” climate solution because it poses no major risks and provides widespread co-benefits for humans and the environment.

Plausible Could it work? Yes
Ready Is it ready? Yes
Evidence Are there data to evaluate it? Yes
Effective Does it consistently work? Yes
Impact Is it big enough to matter? No
Risk Is it risky or harmful? No
Cost Is it cheap? Yes

What is it?

Restore Mangrove Forests is a climate solution that removes carbon from the air by re-establishing mangrove ecosystems in areas where they were previously drained, filled, or otherwise degraded and lost. Nearly 2 Mha of mangroves have been destroyed since 1970. As mangrove plants are re-established and grow, they take up CO₂ through photosynthesis, which increases carbon storage in above and below ground biomass. They also trap and bury carbon-containing sediments, allowing additional carbon to accumulate in waterlogged soils where decomposition is slow. Restoration actions typically involve re-planting and restoring hydrologic conditions to allow tidal exchange with the ocean. Restoration also often replaces land uses that can be sources of large CO₂ (and other GHG) emissions.

Does it work?

Mangrove restoration is a well-established carbon removal approach that has been practiced for over, at least, 40 years in many regions of the world. Research shows that restored mangrove ecosystems can act as large, durable carbon sinks, with sediment carbon likely able to persist for centuries or longer, similar to natural systems. However, because the estimated global area available for restoration is ~1 Mha, its climate impact is expected to be under 0.1 Gt CO₂‑eq/yr. Despite this limitation, restoration can still be a regionally important intervention in certain regions and countries that hold a disproportionate share of restorable mangrove area, due to its high effectiveness. Indonesia (~186,600 ha) and Mexico (~145,500 ha) contain the two largest national areas of restorable mangroves globally. In a relative sense, countries such as Belize, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, the US, and Vietnam are estimated to have at least 10% of their original mangrove area restorable. 

Why are we excited?

Restoration of mangrove ecosystems is an established practice that can be low-cost with widespread environmental benefits. Recent global assessments suggest that restoration and natural expansion together added about 393,000 ha of mangrove area between 2000 and 2020. Restoration can recover ecosystem function, support biodiversity, and reduce exposure to coastal hazards, such as coastal flooding and erosion. Costs can vary between US$3,000–9,800/ha, with the removal of an estimated 0.78 GtCO₂ estimated to cost under $20/tCO₂. Low-cost restoration potential is greatest in countries such as Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Myanmar, and India. 

Why are we concerned?

This practice, while highly effective at removing carbon, is unlikely to scale to a globally relevant climate impact level given the limited area available for restoration. Although a large area of mangroves has been lost, not all of these areas remain feasible for restoration. For example, nearly 20% of all lost mangrove areas have been converted to open water habitats that are no longer suitable for restoration. Additionally, methane emissions can occur in restored mangroves, which might offset 20% of the carbon removed. Mangrove restoration is also not always successful, and reported outcomes vary widely across projects, with an estimated average success rate of ~62%.

Solution in Action

Alongi, D. M. (2014). Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annual Review of Marine Science, 6, 195-219. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020

Bourgeois, C. F., MacKenzie, R. A., Sharma, S., Bhomia, R. K., Johnson, N. G., Rovai, A. S., Worthington, T. A., Krauss, K. W., Analuddin, K., Bukoski, J. J., Castillo, J. A., Elwin, A., Glass, L., Jennerjahn, T. C., Mangora, M. M., Marchand, C., Osland, M. J., Ratefinjanahary, I. A., Ray, R., ... Trettin, C. C. (2024). Four decades of data indicate that planted mangroves stored up to 75% of the carbon stocks found in intact mature stands. Science Advances, 10(27), eadk5430. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk5430

Chen, H.-Y., Ge, Z.-M., Zhu, K.-H., Zhao, W., Chen, X.-C., Li, X.-Z., Xin, P., Zhou, Z., Chen, S., & Bellerby, R. (2025). Ecosystem carbon and nitrogen recovery in restored coastal wetlands. Communications Earth & Environment. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03036-z

Danovaro, R., Aronson, J., Bianchelli, S., Boström, C., Chen, W., Cimino, R., Corinaldesi, C., Cortina-Segarra, J., D’Ambrosio, P., Garrabou, J., Grehan, A., Giorgetti, A., Hannachi, A., Mangialajo, L., Morato, T., Orfanidis, S., Papadopoulou, N., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Smith, C. J., ... Fraschetti, S. (2025). Assessing the success of marine ecosystem restoration using meta-analysis. Nature Communications, 16, 3062. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57254-2

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2023, July 26). Global effort to safeguard mangroves steps up. Link to source: https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/global-effort-to-safeguard-mangroves-steps-up/en

Goto, G. M., Goñi, C. S., Braun, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., Friess, D. A., Howard, J., Klinger, D. H., Teav, S., Worthington, T. A., & Busch, J. (2025). Implementation costs of restoring global mangrove forests. One Earth, 8(7), 101342. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101342

Leal, M., & Spalding, M. D. (Eds.). (2024). The State of the World’s Mangroves 2024. Global Mangrove Alliance. Link to source: https://hdl.handle.net/10088/119867

Rosentreter, J. A., Maher, D. T., Erler, D. V., Murray, R., & Eyre, B. D. (2018). Methane emissions partially offset “blue carbon” burial in mangroves. Science Advances, 4(6), eaao4985. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao4985

Song, S., Ding, Y., Li, W., Meng, Y., Zhou, J., Gou, R., Zhang, C., Ye, S., Saintilan, N., Krauss, K. W., Crooks, S., Lv, S., & Lin, G. (2023). Mangrove reforestation provides greater blue carbon benefit than afforestation for mitigating global climate change. Nature Communications, 14, 756. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36477-1

Su, J., Friess, D. A., & Gasparatos, A. (2021). A meta-analysis of the ecological and economic outcomes of mangrove restoration. Nature Communications, 12, 5050. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25349-1

Taillardat, P., Thompson, B. S., Garneau, M., Trottier, K., & Friess, D. A. (2020). Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Interface Focus, 10(5), 20190129. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129

Tiggeloven, T., van Zelst, V., Mortensen, E., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Worthington, T. A., Spalding, M., de Moel, H., & Ward, P. J. (2026). Mangrove restoration and coastal flood adaptation: A global perspective on the potential for hybrid coastal defenses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(4), e2510980123. Link to source: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2510980123

Worthington, T., & Spalding, M. (2018). Mangrove restoration potential: A global map highlighting a critical opportunity. The Nature Conservancy and International Union for Conservation of Nature. Link to source: https://oceanwealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/MANGROVE-TNC-REPORT-FINAL.31.10.LOWSINGLES.pdf

Credits

Lead Fellow

Christina Richardson, Ph.D.

Internal Reviewers

Christina Swanson, Ph.D.

Paul C. West, Ph.D.

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Solution Title
Mangrove Ecosystems
Classification
Worthwhile
Lawmakers and Policymakers
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Thought Leaders
Technologists and Researchers
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Updated Date

Climate science serves America – and beyond

For over a century, science has been a driving force for American progress.

Science has helped us defend democracy through two World Wars and end the scourge of diseases like polio and smallpox. Science has put people on the moon and sent probes across our solar system. It’s revolutionized everything from agriculture to computing, saving millions of lives – while building the world’s greatest economy. Today, science continues to make bold discoveries, helping us lift people up, improve the human condition, and create a better world.

Only half of calories produced on croplands are available for human consumption, study finds

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Figue showing half of calories produced globally aren't consumed directly by people

Only half of the calories produced on cropland go directly to human consumption, with the bulk of the remainder used for fuel or feed.

Credit: Project Drawdown

To determine the global efficiency of the agri-food system, researchers analyzed the fate of the top 50 crops by calorie production between 2010 and 2020, amounting to nearly 98% of all calories produced. They found that, in 2020, only half of all calories produced on croplands were available for people to eat, while the other half were “lost” as livestock feed, biofuels, or other non-food uses. 

Concerningly, even though total calorie production increased from 2010 to 2020 by roughly 24%, calories for human consumption increased only 17%, reflecting a decrease in how efficiently croplands are being used to directly feed people. 

We don’t have a food scarcity problem – we have a cropland use problem,” says study author and Project Drawdown Senior Scientist Paul West, Ph.D. “Nearly 40% of all calories produced were used as feed for livestock, which yield far fewer calories for human consumption. Beef cattle in particular are inefficient in converting feed to human food, consuming one-third of feed calories but only providing 9% of the food calories we get from livestock. Shifting cropland now used to grow feed to produce food for people instead could dramatically reduce the harmful impacts of agriculture on climate, water resources and wildlife habitat.”

Nearly 5% of calories produced were used for biofuels. Although these are less polluting than fossil fuels, they still are responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions, particularly when land use is taken into account. 

According to the study, such inefficiencies were particularly pronounced in a small set of countries. For instance, around 23% and 29% of total calorie production in the United States and Brazil, respectively, were used to feed people. In contrast, 84% of India’s calorie production feeds people. 

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Global map showing calories produced vs. calories available for food

The percent of calories produced on cropland that are available for direct human consumption varies greatly across the globe.

Credit: Project Drawdown

In particular, the researchers found that if people in higher-income countries consumed chicken in place of beef – except for the 14 grams of beef per person per day allowed for optimal human and planetary health (roughly a hamburger per week) – the “lost calories” avoided would be enough to meet the caloric needs of 850 million people. More than half of the added benefit would come from the substitution taking place in the United States and Brazil, alone.

“Today’s global food system is staggeringly unsustainable,” says study author and Project Drawdown researcher Emily Cassidy. “Shifting to lower levels of beef consumption and reducing biofuel production could free up an immense amount of land.”

Ironically, the increasing inefficiency of cropland use not only increasingly exacerbates climate change, but it also may be exacerbated by it.

“If we don’t change what we’re growing and consuming, this could contribute to a vicious cycle,” says study author and Project Drawdown Senior Scientist James Gerber, Ph.D. “These inefficiencies could drive continued cropland expansion, leading to higher agricultural emissions and more global warming, which in turn could decrease crop yields, resulting in even more cropland expansion, and on and on.” 

Ultimately, the researchers hope these findings will help guide strategic interventions that can feed the planet without destroying it. 

“All of the solutions to close this efficiency gap already exist,” Cassidy says. “By targeting actions and policies for the commodities and countries that are the worst offenders, we can have an outsized impact on improving food security, health, and the environment.”


About Project Drawdown
Project Drawdown is the world’s leading guide to science-based climate solutions. Our mission is to drive meaningful climate action around the world. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Project Drawdown is funded by individual and institutional donations.

Just a few crops in a handful of countries are key to a more sustainable global food system
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A plate half-filled with vegetables and fruit
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Key Takeaways

  • In 2020, half of all calories produced globally on croplands were available for human consumption, while the remaining half were “lost” to producing things other than food for people.
  • Inefficiency in the global agri-food system increased from 2010 to 2020, largely due to more calories going toward livestock feed, biofuels, or other non-food uses.
  • Enough calories were lost to inefficiency in 2020 to support 7.2 billion people.
  • Inefficiencies could lead to cropland expansion, further exacerbating the already tremendous impact the agri-food system has on climate change and the environment.
  • Inefficiencies are highly concentrated by commodity, particularly beef cattle feed and biofuel stocks, and country, specifically the United States, Brazil, China, and the EU27.

Of all human activities, few have as big an impact on the planet as agriculture. Globally, the agri-food system – everything that’s produced and consumed, from farm to fork to landfill – is the largest consumer of water, the largest user of land area, and one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. 

To ensure food security while minimizing agriculture’s adverse impacts, it’s essential to produce enough food using as little land as possible. A new study in Environmental Research: Food Systems from Project Drawdown and the University of Minnesota shows substantial opportunity for improvement in this regard, finding that just half of the calories produced on croplands globally are directly available for human consumption. 

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Study: 1/2 of the calories produced on croplands are unavailable for human consumption
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