Figure 1. A typical BAS has three layers: a field layer, which senses the environment and adjusts equimpment as needed; a control layer, which handles communication between the sensors and actuators; and a management layer, which logs and analyzes data to optimize performance. Modified from dos Santos et al. (2021) and Fluke (n.d.).

Diagram demonstrating Automated Building Systems functions of management, controllers, and devices in the field.

Sources: dos Santos, D. R., Dagrada, M., & Costante, E. (2021). Leveraging operational technology and the Internet of things to attack smart buildings. Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques, 17(1), 1–20; Fluke. (n.d.). Troubleshooting communications problems in building control systems. Fluke Corporation. 

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