Figure 2: Units of quantification used in the Current State, Adoption, and Impacts analyses below.
| Approach | Clinker material substitution | Alternative fuels | Process efficiency upgrades |
|---|---|---|---|
| Effectiveness | t CO₂-eq abated/Mt clinker avoided* t CO₂ abated/Mt cement produced* |
t CO₂-eq abated/Mt cement produced | t CO₂-eq abated/GJ thermal energy input** t CO₂-eq abated/Mt cement produced** |
| Cost | US$/Mt cement produced | US$/Mt cement produced | US$/Mt cement produced |
| Adoption | Mt clinker avoided/yr | Mt cement/yr produced using alternative fuels | GJ thermal energy input saved/yr |
| Climate impact | Gt CO₂-eq/yr | Gt CO₂-eq/yr | Gt CO₂-eq/yr |
*Clinker material substitution effectiveness was calculated in two different adoption units using the same source data. Effectiveness in t CO₂‑eq abated/Mt cement produced was used to calculate cost per climate impact. Effectiveness was converted to t CO₂‑eq abated/Mt clinker avoided using the clinker-to-cement ratio for each individual study in the analysis, and this was used to calculate climate impact.
**Process efficiency upgrades effectiveness in units of t CO₂‑eq abated/Mt cement produced was used to calculate cost per climate impact. Separately, a calculated fuel emission factor effectiveness in units of t CO₂‑eq abated/GJ thermal energy was used to quantify climate impact.