Solutions Cost Per Metric Ton
* Gigatons CO2 Equivalent Reduced / Sequestered (2020–2050)
| Solution | Gigatons Reduced* (PDS1) | Gigatons Reduced* (PDS2) | Net First Cost $ in Billions (PDS1) | Net First Cost $ in Billions (PDS1) | Initial Cost $ Per Tonne (PDS1) | Initial Cost $ Per Tonne (PDS2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smart Thermostats | 6.91 | 7.25 | $162.48 | $181.41 | $23.51 | $25.02 |
| Building Automation Systems | 9.55 | 14.01 | $287.70 | $393.35 | $30.13 | $28.08 |
| LED Lighting | 14.45 | 15.69 | $-1890.00 | $-2160.00 | $-130.80 | $-137.67 |
| Insulation | 15.38 | 18.54 | $710.37 | $791.29 | $46.19 | $42.68 |
| Dynamic Glass | 0.34 | 0.54 | $57.79 | $83.80 | $169.97 | $155.19 |
| High-Performance Glass | 8.82 | 11.34 | $7840.00 | $9520.00 | $888.89 | $839.51 |
| Green and Cool Roofs | 0.53 | 0.99 | $569.08 | $827.10 | $1073.74 | $835.45 |
| District Heating | 6.18 | 9.68 | $218.34 | $325.50 | $35.33 | $33.63 |
| High-Efficiency Heat Pumps | 4.04 | 9.05 | $76.10 | $118.34 | $18.84 | $13.08 |
| Solar Hot Water | 3.41 | 13.73 | $680.00 | $2630.00 | $199.41 | $191.55 |
| Low-Flow Fixtures | 0.93 | 1.52 | $0.44 | $1.25 | $0.47 | $0.82 |
| Water Distribution Efficiency | 0.61 | 0.86 | $7.87 | $10.96 | $12.90 | $12.74 |
| Building Retrofitting | $ | $ | ||||
| Net Zero Buildings | $ | $ | ||||
| Concentrated Solar Power | 18.00 | 21.51 | $481.52 | $576.86 | $26.75 | $26.82 |
| Distributed Solar Photovoltaics | 26.65 | 64.86 | $517.31 | $352.45 | $19.41 | $5.43 |
| Utility-Scale Solar Photovoltaics | 40.83 | 111.59 | $-220.00 | $-1340.00 | $-5.39 | $-12.01 |
| Micro Wind Turbines | 0.09 | 0.11 | $52.87 | $69.56 | $587.44 | $632.36 |
| Onshore Wind Turbines | 46.95 | 143.56 | $920.00 | $1890.00 | $19.60 | $13.17 |
| Offshore Wind Turbines | 10.22 | 9.89 | $640.88 | $729.51 | $62.71 | $73.76 |
| Geothermal Power | 6.15 | 9.17 | $84.33 | $93.08 | $13.71 | $10.15 |
| Small Hydropower | 1.65 | 3.21 | $44.75 | $74.21 | $27.12 | $23.12 |
| Ocean Power | 1.27 | 0.80 | $199.06 | $258.17 | $156.74 | $322.71 |
| Biomass Power | 2.62 | 3.59 | $56.48 | $69.24 | $21.56 | $19.29 |
| Nuclear Power | 3.17 | 3.64 | $176.92 | $176.92 | $55.81 | $48.60 |
| Waste to Energy | 6.27 | 5.24 | $224.81 | $156.08 | $35.85 | $29.79 |
| Landfill Methane Capture | 3.89 | -1.48 | $-2.57 | $-2.57 | $-0.66 | $1.74 |
| Methane Digesters | 6.02 | 7.05 | $138.13 | $182.09 | $22.95 | $25.83 |
| Grid Flexibility | $ | $ | ||||
| Microgrids | $ | $ | ||||
| Distributed Energy Storage | $ | $ | ||||
| Utility-Scale Energy Storage | $ | $ | ||||
| Plant-Rich Diets | 78.33 | 103.11 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Reduced Food Waste | 88.50 | 102.20 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Forest Protection | 5.55 | 8.83 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Indigenous Peoples’ Forest Tenure | 8.69 | 12.51 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Grassland Protection | 3.35 | 4.25 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Peatland Protection and Rewetting | 25.40 | 40.27 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Coastal Wetland Protection | 1.20 | 1.62 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders | 1.36 | 0.68 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Conservation Agriculture | 12.81 | 8.08 | $89.78 | $56.85 | $7.01 | $7.04 |
| Regenerative Annual Cropping | 15.12 | 23.21 | $77.10 | $115.27 | $5.10 | $4.97 |
| Nutrient Management | 2.77 | 11.48 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Farm Irrigation Efficiency | 1.13 | 2.07 | $222.87 | $386.92 | $197.23 | $186.92 |
| Improved Rice Production | 9.85 | 14.43 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| System of Rice Intensification | 2.90 | 4.44 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Alternative Cement | 7.70 | 15.56 | $-61.38 | $-61.38 | $-7.97 | $-3.94 |
| Bioplastics | 1.33 | 2.48 | $82.70 | $97.76 | $62.18 | $39.42 |
| Composting | 1.13 | 1.40 | $-26.90 | $-35.50 | $-23.81 | $-25.36 |
| Recycling | 10.36 | 11.29 | $9.01 | $9.69 | $0.87 | $0.86 |
| Recycled Paper | 2.28 | 2.90 | $-1620.94 | $-1441.50 | $-710.94 | $-497.07 |
| Refrigerant Management | 57.15 | 57.15 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Alternative Refrigerants | 42.73 | 48.75 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Walkable Cities | 2.83 | 3.51 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Bicycle Infrastructure | 2.73 | 4.63 | $-2420.00 | $-3130.00 | $-886.45 | $-676.03 |
| Electric Bicycles | 1.39 | 1.55 | $-402.06 | $-446.01 | $-289.25 | $-287.75 |
| Carpooling | 9.06 | 11.07 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Public Transit | 9.42 | 15.42 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| High-Speed Rail | 1.26 | 3.62 | $640.00 | $1740.00 | $507.94 | $480.66 |
| Telepresence | 2.64 | 4.43 | $521.52 | $832.73 | $197.55 | $187.98 |
| Hybrid Cars | 1.61 | 4.71 | $-4.55 | $-3.40 | $-2.83 | $-0.72 |
| Efficient Trucks | 9.15 | 10.77 | $502.57 | $566.56 | $54.93 | $52.61 |
| Electric Trains | 1.91 | 3.25 | $660.00 | $1430.00 | $345.55 | $440.00 |
| Electric Cars | 7.66 | 9.76 | $-572.68 | $-602.00 | $-74.76 | $-61.68 |
| Efficient Ocean Shipping | 6.72 | 9.83 | $720.00 | $1010.00 | $107.14 | $102.75 |
| Efficient Aviation | 5.29 | 5.82 | $3470.00 | $3790.00 | $655.95 | $651.20 |
| Biogas for Cooking | 4.65 | 9.70 | $24.72 | $51.59 | $5.32 | $5.32 |
| Clean Cooking | 31.38 | 76.34 | $136.64 | $302.76 | $4.35 | $3.97 |
| Temperate Forest Restoration | 19.42 | 27.85 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Tropical Forest Restoration | 54.45 | 85.14 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Managed Grazing | 13.72 | 20.92 | $31.73 | $49.14 | $2.31 | $2.35 |
| Silvopasture | 26.58 | 42.31 | $206.75 | $272.91 | $7.78 | $6.45 |
| Multistrata Agroforestry | 13.26 | 23.94 | $70.44 | $120.03 | $5.31 | $5.01 |
| Tree Intercropping | 15.03 | 24.40 | $146.89 | $227.02 | $9.77 | $9.30 |
| Perennial Staple Crops | 16.34 | 32.87 | $96.53 | $209.53 | $5.91 | $6.37 |
| Perennial Biomass Production | 4.00 | 7.04 | $195.02 | $338.28 | $48.76 | $48.05 |
| Abandoned Farmland Restoration | 12.48 | 20.32 | $98.16 | $159.91 | $7.87 | $7.87 |
| Tree Plantations (on Degraded Land) | 22.04 | 35.09 | $91.89 | $141.68 | $4.17 | $4.04 |
| Bamboo Production | 7.70 | 19.60 | $63.30 | $158.98 | $8.22 | $8.11 |
| Coastal Wetland Restoration | 0.76 | 1.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Biochar Production | 1.36 | 3.00 | $123.54 | $244.94 | $90.84 | $81.65 |
| Family Planning and Education | 68.90 | 68.90 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Improved Aquaculture | 0.50 | 0.78 | $151.37 | $241.87 | $302.74 | $310.09 |
| Improved Cattle Feed | 4.42 | 15.05 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Recycled Metals | 4.31 | 12.34 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Improved Manure Management | 3.34 | 6.09 | $19.93 | $37.16 | $5.97 | $6.10 |
| Reduced Plastics | 3.76 | 5.40 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Recycled Plastics | 0.52 | 1.69 | $-48.50 | $-158.06 | $-93.27 | $-93.53 |
| Seafloor Protection | 3.80 | 5.14 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Methane Leak Management | 25.83 | 31.29 | $127.95 | $135.42 | $4.95 | $4.33 |
| Seaweed Farming | 2.50 | 4.72 | $132.14 | $249.80 | $52.86 | $52.92 |
| Improved Fisheries | 1.01 | 1.54 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
| Macroalgae Protection and Restoration | 2.61 | 3.78 | $0.00 | $0.00 | ||
|
1050.91 |
1637.26 |